The leading authorities to know, and how the doctrine developed over time. Liability for most serious offences requires proof of a culpable mental state. Direct intent is the defendant's purpose; oblique intent may be found where the relevant consequence was a virtual certainty and the defendant appreciated that. Recklessness is now subjective, the defendant must have foreseen the risk and unreasonably gone on to take it.
Established that recklessness in statutory offences is subjective, the defendant must actually foresee the risk.
Began the modern law on oblique intent, foresight is evidence of intention, not intention itself.
The current oblique-intent direction, the jury may find intention where death or GBH was a virtual certainty and the defendant appreciated that.
Overruled Caldwell on objective recklessness, restored the subjective Cunningham standard for criminal damage and beyond.